EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF MINERALS ON THE PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING CATTLE AND BUFFALO

A significant part of a complete dairy feeding program is the mineral-vitamin component. Physiologically, minerals are involved in reproduction, lactation, cow/calf health during pregnancy and cow recovery after calving general herd health. Highly productive animals have much greater needs for vitamins than low-producing.Concentrations andvitamins feeds can be extremely variable. Dairy commonly need 3 17 mineral their optimal productivity. Even deficiency any these result health, reproduction milk production problems. The antioxidant, vitamin E carotene beneficial reducing mastitis. Vitamins (D, E, C carotene) (Cu, Zn, Se) needed enhanced immune response.Almost all members B.comlex group, K2 synthesized rumenbut ruminant diet should contain sufficient cobalt B12 synthesis. Vitamin neither body nor contributed by bacteria it only vitamin, which may deficient supply under many conditions. Therefore its seems to critical.Vitamin content forage highly variable effective gossypol toxicity. Generally assumed that with functional rumen do not develop deficiency. Different research reports suggest supplemental biotin, thiamin niacin cattle. Pre-partum anionic diets supplemented avoid Milk fever. High phosphorus improve or but there environmental concern from use excess P. Manganese has role ovulation fertility animals. Grazing access high quality freechoice mixtures. Mineral supplementation especially managed before periods increased trace demand such as calving, joining, dry-off growth.